› Forums › Spring 2020 Resolution Forum › Resolution: S-20-13: IMPROVING INSULIN AFFORDABILITY
- This topic has 0 replies, 1 voice, and was last updated 3 years, 11 months ago by Valerie Lile.
-
AuthorPosts
-
-
April 8, 2020 at 8:50 am #3097Valerie LileKeymaster
1 WHEREAS, Diabetes Type 1 is one of the most common chronic diseases starting in early childhood
2 in the United States that is fatal without lifelong insulin treatment1; and3 WHEREAS, over 1.4 million American children and adults are living with Type I diabetes mellitus and
4 7.4 million Americans with diabetes use one or more formulations of insulin2; and5 WHEREAS, the number of youth with Type 1 diabetes is projected to increase by 23% in 20503; and
6 WHEREAS, the researchers who discovered insulin, Richard Banting, J. B. Collip, and Charles Best,
7 sold their patent rights for only $1 each because their goal was to ensure the quality, purity, and potency
8 of insulin sold on the market rather than to profit4; and9 WHEREAS, the first license to manufacture insulin was granted for humanitarian purposes rather than
10 for profit5; and11 WHEREAS, counter to the spirit of the initial sale and licensure of insulin, the global insulin market
12 was a $24 million industry in 2014 and will top $48 billion by 20206; and13 WHEREAS, the cost of insulin has tripled over a mere decade from 2002-2013, despite only
14 incremental added benefits of new insulin products on the market7,8,9; and15 WHEREAS, 39% of insulin users reported an increase in the amount they personally pay for insulin in
16 the past year, including 52% of insulin-dependent children10; and17 WHEREAS, an uninsured person pays up to $480 per vial of insulin, with varying out-of-pocket
18 expenses for insured persons11; and19 WHEREAS, the out-of-pocket expense for insulin has doubled per prescription11; and
20 WHEREAS, it costs uninsured patients ten times more for insulin treatment at $7,000 annually versus
21 $700 annually with insurance12; and22 WHEREAS, the diabetes related costs from the Medicare eligible population is expected to skyrocket
23 to $171 billion in 2034, an increase of 380% from 200913; and24 WHEREAS, one in four insulin dependent diabetics with associated poor glycemic control reported
25 insulin underuse or rationing due to cost12,14,15,16; and26 WHEREAS, those who regularly take less insulin than prescribed or miss doses report being forced to
27 choose between affording insulin versus essentials like housing, utilities, transportation, and even other
28 health related purchases, such as doctors visits10; and29 WHEREAS, one-third of patients with lower incomes who report cost-related insulin underuse also
30 report difficulty affording diabetes equipment, thus increasing the risk for hospitalization16; and1 WHEREAS, many uninsured and underinsured patients are not only rationing insulin but also resorting
2 to black market purchases of discounted insulin on unregulated classified advertisement websites such
3 as Craigslist17,18; and4 WHEREAS, diabetics who are forced to ration their insulin have developed preventable complications
5 like diabetic ketoacidosis with some resulting in diabetic coma or death12,14,15,19; and6 WHEREAS, diabetic ketoacidosis is a complication that could be avoided with adequate insulin
7 treatment, but costs $26,566 per hospitalization, resulting in a healthcare burden of $5.1 billion2; and8 WHEREAS, an increasing number of patients are dying due to inability to afford insulin with diabetes
9 being the 7th leading cause of death in 20172,21; and10 WHEREAS, deaths related to insulin rationing occurs even amongst middle class individuals with
11 health insurance coverage22,32; and12 WHEREAS, the expansion of Medicaid eligibility in some states addressing gaps in affordable access to
13 diabetes medication and treatment has resulted in a significant increase in insulin prescriptions being
14 filled22,24; and15 WHEREAS, the pharmaceutical industry engages in evergreening, making incremental improvements
16 to keep the cost of insulin expensive after the original patent has expired, which goes against SOMA
17 policy S-18-12 designed to combat pharmaceutical evergreening; and18 WHEREAS, when primary patents expired in 2015 for Sanofi’s Lantus, the world’s most widely
19 prescribed insulin and the world’s leading drug for Type 1 Diabetics, more than 70 secondary patent
20 applications were filed in an effort to maintain its market monopoly25,26,27; and21 WHEREAS, market share holding pharmaceutical companies consistently file lawsuits against other
22 companies over plans to produce and sell a generic form of insulin, claiming that patents will be
23 violated and that rights will be infringed upon25,27; and24 WHEREAS, Eli Lilly agreed to make an ‘authorized generic’ known as insulin Lispro available for
25 purchase at a 50% price reduction, but a spot check found it was only stocked in 17% of pharmacies
26 across the country in favor of Eli Lilly’s ‘name brand’ drug known as Humalog, which offer a larger,
27 more profitable rebate to insurance companies28; and28 WHEREAS, cheaper forms of insulin being made available are older formulations or analog insulins
29 that are now rarely prescribed because it takes too long to take effect and then stays in the bloodstream
30 for over 8 hours postprandial, increasing the risk for hypoglycemic events29; and31 WHEREAS, unbranded biosimilar versions of insulin are projected to be priced at 10-51% less than
32 name brand biologic insulins, with a cost saving potential of between $25 billion to $150 billion over
33 ten years30,31; and34 WHEREAS, unbranded biosimilar drugs have been available in Europe for years, pharmaceutical
35 companies are distorting safety concerns to delay or prohibit the introduction of biosimilars into the
36 American market30; and1 WHEREAS, pharmaceutical companies have resorted cutting deals with makers of biosimilars to
2 prevent or delay the entry of lower cost biosimilars into the American market30,32; and3 WHEREAS, forty-five states and Puerto Rico have enacted laws protecting patients’ rights to try a
4 biosimilar drug and protecting the substitution of biosimilar products by pharmacists33; and5 WHEREAS, two Congressional bills aimed at protecting against industry collusion to keep biosimilars
6 out of the American market and at advancing public awareness and education on biosimilars have had
7 no actions taken since they were introduced in 201934,35; and8 WHEREAS, the Food and Drug Administration has set standards for biosimilar drugs that protect
9 against concerns of safety, efficacy, and quality36; and10 WHEREAS, the Senate Finance Committee Chairman initiated an investigation into the price spikes
11 and high cost of insulin for people with diabetes in January 2019, but the only action taken to date is
12 seeking insulin cost data from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services Administrator37,38,39;”
13 and14 WHEREAS, the Chairman of the House Committee on Oversight and Reform confirmed in January
15 2019 that “there is a strong bipartisan consensus that we must do something to rein in out-of-control
16 price increases…” by the pharmaceutical industry40;” and17 WHEREAS, two Congressional bills aimed at making insulin affordable have had no actions taken
18 since they were introduced in January and February 201941,42; and19 WHEREAS, Colorado and Illinois are the first two states to enact laws that cap insulin co-pays43,44,45,46;
20 and21 WHEREAS, Virginia recently passed a bill capping insulin copays that is pending their governor’s
22 signature into law, which would make it the third state in the country to pass a law capping the cost of
23 insulin and it would be the lowest cap set by any state at $50 per month47,48; and24 WHEREAS, the bills in Colorado, Illinois, and Virginia only apply to patients who have health
25 insurance coverage and only those who are covered through state-regulated commercial insurance
26 plans43,44,45,46,47,48; and27 WHEREAS, 28 U.S. Code § 1498 grants the U.S. federal government the right to use or manufacture a
28 patented drug at reasonable compensation to the patent owner49,50; and29 WHEREAS, 28 U.S. Code § 1498 affords patent owners the right to petition the Court of Federal
30 Claims for compensation, which would allow pharmaceutical companies the ability to seek a reasonable
31 amount while prohibiting them from unilaterally setting predatory market prices on insulin50,51; and32 WHEREAS, 28 U.S. Code § 1498 was frequently used for crucial drugs in the 1960s and 1970s,
33 including a Department of Defense purchase of an antibiotic directly from a generic manufacturer at
34 28% of the price charged by the patent holder, Pfizer49; and35 WHEREAS, the government’s use of 28 U.S. Code § 1498 has waned not due to decreased need but
36 due to the increasing strength of the pharmaceutical lobby49; and1 WHEREAS, Medicare is prohibited from negotiating drug prices due to language inserted into
2 legislation that was written by the pharmaceutical lobby49,52; and3 WHEREAS, 28 U.S. Code § 1498 provides a reasonable counterweight to Medicare’s inability to
4 negotiate drug prices, allowing the government to negotiate prices directly with the manufacturer and
5 function as a free market buyer49,52,53; and6 WHEREAS, 28 U.S. Code § 1498 continues to be applied today in areas outside of prescription drugs,
7 such as patented methods of hazardous waste clean up, electronic passport technology, and genetically
8 mutated mice in scientific research449,50; and9 WHEREAS, 28 U.S. Code § 1498 continues to be applied for prescription drugs in cases of extreme
10 need or urgency, such as the anthrax scare in 200149; and11 WHEREAS, just the threat of 28 U.S. Code § 1498 from the federal government to purchase a generic
12 version of the antibiotic ciprofloxacin during the anthrax scare in 2001 prompted the patent holder,
13 Bayer, to cut the selling price in half49,54; and14 WHEREAS, there is growing support of exercising 28 U.S. Code § 1498 to procure Hepatitis C
15 treatment drugs, which have been priced by the patent holder, Gilead, at $80,000 per person for the full
16 course of treatment, earning them $36 billion in just two years, well above the initial cost of research
17 and development49,50,55,56; and18 WHEREAS, the costs of initial research and development can ultimately amount to as little as 4% of
19 profits51,53; and20 WHEREAS, the American Medical Association (AMA) enacted H110.984 to support and encourage
21 government efforts to make insulin affordable; and22 WHEREAS, the American Osteopathic Association (AOA) enacted H339-A/19 to support increased
23 regulation of pharmacy benefit managers as a way to make life-saving medications, including but not
24 limited to insulin, free for all uninsured patients and fully covered for all insured patients, but has no
25 broader policy directly aimed at insulin cost control; now, therefore, be it26 RESOLVED, that the SOMA, the AOA, and the AMA advocate for legislation capping insulin copays
27 with every state legislature via their respective state medical societies; and, be it further28 RESOLVED, that the SOMA, the AOA, and the AMA advocate for legislation that protects the
29 introduction of biosimilar insulin products into the American market and patient access to biosimilars;
30 and, be it further31 RESOLVED, that the SOMA, the AOA, and the AMA advocate for the United States government to
32 invoke 28 U.S. Code §1498 for recent and medically effective short-acting and long-acting forms of
33 insulin to address affordability and accessibility for all diabetic patients, including the uninsured.Explanatory Statement
While there is bipartisan support for solutions to this issue, attempts at new and comprehensive federal legislation have stalled. There have been recent movements in the right direction from a handful of state legislatures capping the cost of insulin. This is a realistic interim solution for insured individuals and this proposal aims to support the implementation of similar bills in remaining states. The limitation is that these legislations do not benefit uninsured individuals. Therefore, to address insulin affordability more broadly, this proposal seeks legislation that protects the introduction of biosimilars that would foster the market competition in insulin costs. Finally, gaps in insulin affordability is a long-standing, drastic problem that requires a drastic solution. This proposal, rather than seeking a wholly new legislation, seeks enforcement of an existing law that the federal government can invoke at its discretion.
Relevant Existing Policies:
SOMA Policy: S-18-12Policy of Other Organizations Named in the Resolved Statements (AOA/AMA/etc):
AOA Policy: H339-A/19
AMA Policy: H110.984References
- Imperatore G., Mayer-Davis E.J., Orchard T.J., & Zhong V.W. (2017). Prevalence and Incidence of Type I Diabetes Among Children and Adults in the United States and Comparison with Non-U.S. Countries. In Cowie C.C., Casagrande S.S., Menke A., Cissell M.A., Eberhardt M.S., Meigs J.B., Gregg E.W., Knowler W.C., Barrett-Connor E., Becker D.J., Brancati F.L., Boyko E.J., Herman W.H., Howard B.V., Narayan K.M.V., Rewers M., Fradkin J.E. (Eds.), Diabetes in America. (3rd ed., pp. 2.1-2.17) Bethesda, MD: National Institutes of Health. Retrieved on February 2, 2019, from: https://www.niddk.nih.gov/about-niddk/strategic-plans-reports/diabetes-in-america-3rd-edition.
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. National Diabetes Statistics Report, 2020. Atlanta, GA: Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services; 2020. Retrieved on February 28, 2020, from https://www.cdc.gov/diabetes/data/statistics/statistics-report.html
- Imperatore, G., Boyle, J. P., Thompson, T. J., Case, D., Dabelea, D., Hamman, R. F., . . . Standiford, D. (2012). Projections of type 1 and type 2 diabetes burden in the U.S. population aged <20 years through 2050. Diabetes Care, 35(12), 2515-2520. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc12-0669
- Rosenfeld, L. (2002, December). Insulin: Discovery and Controversy. Clinical Chemistry, 48(12): 2270-88. Retrieved from: http://clinchem.aaccjnls.org/content/48/12/2270.full#sec-21.
- Woodfield, J. (2016, February 3). What is the price of profit? The true cost of insulin in the United States. Retrieved on February 2, 2019, from: https://www.diabetes.co.uk/in-depth/what-is-the-price-of-profit-the-true-cost-of-insulin-in-the-united-states/
- Tsai, A. (2016, March). The rising cost of insulin. Diabetes Forecast, Retrieved from February 27, 2020, from http://www.diabetesforecast.org/2016/mar-apr/rising-costs-insulin.html
- Freed, S. (2016, May 7). What is the Actual Cost of Insulin for Your Patients?. Retrieved on February 2, 2019, from: http://www.diabetesincontrol.com/actual-cost-of-insulin-for-your-patients/
- Hua, X., Carvalho, N., Tew, M., Huang, E. S., Herman, W. H., & Clarke, P. (2016). Expenditures and prices of antihyperglycemic medications in the united states: 2002-2013. Journal of the American Medical Association, 315(13), 1400-1402. doi:https://doi:10.1001/jama.2016.0126
- Silverman, E. (2016, April 5). Insulin prices have skyrocketed, putting drug makers on the defensive. Stat, Retrieved on February 2, 2019, from https://www.statnews.com/pharmalot/2016/04/05/insulin-prices-skyrocketed-putting-drug-makers-defensive/
- American Diabetes Association. (2018). Insulin affordability survey, 2018. Arlington, VA; 2020. Retrieved on February 28, 2020, from http://main.diabetes.org/dorg/PDFs/2018-insulin-affordability-survey.pdf
- Cefalu, W. T., Dawes, D. E., Gavlak, G., Goldman, D., Herman, W. H., Van Nuys, K., . . . Yatvi, A. L. (2018). Insulin access and AffordabilityWorking group: Conclusions and recommendations. Diabetes Care, 41(6), 1299-1311. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dci18-0019
- Johnson, C., Y. (2016, October 31). Why treating diabetes keeps getting more expensive. Washington Post. Retrieved on February 2, 2019, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/wonk/wp/2016/10/31/why-insulin-prices-have-kept-rising-for-95-years/?utm_term=.17cda82418ca
- Huang, E. S., Basu, A., O’Grady, M., & Capretta, J. C. (2009). Projecting the future diabetes population size and related costs for the U.S. Diabetes Care, 32(12), 2225–2229. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc09-0459
- Randall, L., Begovic, J., Hudson, M., Smiley, D., Peng, L., Pitre, N., & Umpierrez, G., Denise. (2011). Recurrent Diabetic Ketoacidosis in Inner-City Minority Patients Behavioral, Socioeconomic, and Psychosocial Factors. Diabetes Care, 34(9): 1891-6. https://doi:10.2337/dc11-0701
- Caffrey, M. (2019). Gathering evidence on insulin rationing: Answers and future questions. AJMC: Evidence-Based Diabetes Management, September. Retrieved on February 27, 2020, from https://www.ajmc.com/journals/evidence-based-diabetes-management/2019/september-2019/gathering-evidence-on-insulin-rationing-answers-and-future-questions
- Herkert, D., Vijayakumar, P., Luo, J., Schwartz, J. I., Rabin, T. L., DeFilippo, E., & Lipska, K. J. (2018). Cost-related insulin underuse among patients with diabetes. JAMA Intern Med, 179(1), 112-114. doi: https://doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.5008
- Carroll, L. (2020, February 17). Unregulated sales of insulin common on craigslist. Reuters Retrieved on February 27, 2020, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-medication-black-market/unregulated-sales-of-insulin-common-on-craigslist-idUSKBN20B1M0
- Ahamed, A., Kullmann, K. C., Frasso, R., & Goldstein, J. N. (2020). Analysis of unregulated sale of life-saving prescription drugs online in the united states. JAMA Intern Med, doi: https://doi:10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.7514
- Popken, B. (2019, November 15). With rise in patients dying from rationing insulin, U.N. tries a new solution. NBC News Retrieved on February 27, 2020, from https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/rise-patients-dying-rationing-insulin-u-n-tries-new-solution-n1083816
- Desai, D., Mehta, D., Mathias, P., Menon, G., & Schubart, U. K. (2018). Health care utilization and burden of diabetic ketoacidosis in the U.S. over the past decade: A nationwide analysis. Diabetes Care, 41(8), 1631-1638. doi:https://doi.org/10.2337/dc17-1379
- Higgs, M.M. (2017, April 5). The High Price of Insulin is Literally Killing People. Retrieved on February 2, 2019 from: https://tonic.vice.com/en_us/article/ezwwze/the-high-price-of-insulin-is-literally-killing-people
- Gordon, S. (August 6th, 2018) Access to Diabetes Drugs Improved Under Affordable Care Act: Study, Retrieved on February 2, 2019, from: https://consumer.healthday.com/public-health-information-30/affordable-care-act-obamacare-955/access-to-diabetes-drugs-improved-under-affordable-care-act-study-736519.html
- Rapaport, L. (2020, March 3). Two in five U.S. diabetics struggle with medical bills. Reuters. Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-diabetes-finances/two-in-five-u-s-diabetics-struggle-with-medical-bills-idUSKBN20Q2YG
- Myerson, R., Lu, T., Tonnu-Mihara, I., & Huang, E. S. (2018, Medicaid eligibility expansions may address gaps in access to diabetes medications. Health Affairs, 37 doi:https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2018.0154
- Amin, T. (2018, December 7). Patent abuse is driving up drug prices. just look at lantus. Stat, Retrieved February 27, 2020, from https://www.statnews.com/2018/12/07/patent-abuse-rising-drug-prices-lantus/
- Collier R. (2013). Drug patents: the evergreening problem. CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l’Association medicale canadienne, 185(9), E385–E386. https://doi.org/10.1503/cmaj.109-4466
- Stempel, J. (2014, July 8). Sanofi sues eli lilly over insulin rival to lantus. Reuters. Retrieved February 27, 2020, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-elililly-sanofi-lawsuit/sanofi-sues-eli-lilly-over-insulin-rival-to-lantus-idUSKBN0FD20720140708
- Rowland, C. (2019, December 27). Under fire over high prices, eli lilly promised cheaper insulin in 2019. the result has some senators steamed. Washington Post. Retrieved on March 1, 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/under-fire-over-high-prices-eli-lilly-promised-cheaper-insulin-in-2019-the-result-has-some-senators-steamed/2019/12/26/6c440b44-204e-11ea-86f3-3b5019d451db_story.html
- Farley, A. (2019, February 19). Drug prices are killing diabetics. ‘Walmart insulin’ isn’t the solution. Washington Post. Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2019/02/19/drug-prices-are-killing-diabetics-walmart-insulin-isnt-solution/
- Rowland, C. (2019, January 9). ‘Marketers are having a field day’: Patients stuck in corporate fight against generic drugs. Washington Post Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/drugmakers-alleged-scare-tactics-may-hold-back-competition/2019/01/09/612ac994-046d-11e9-9122-82e98f91ee6f_story.html
- Mulcahy, A. W., Hlavka, J. P., & Case, S. R. (2017). Biosimilar cost savings in the united states: Initial experience and future potential. RAND Corporation, doi:https://doi.org/10.7249/PE264
- Mathias, T. (2018, April 5). AbbVie, samsung bioepis in deal; humira biosimilar U.S. release in 2023. Reuters. Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-abbvie-biogen/abbvie-samsung-bioepis-in-deal-humira-biosimilar-u-s-release-in-2023-idUSKCN1HC1SP
- Cauchi, R. (2019). State laws and legislation related to biologic medications and substitution of biosimilars. Washington, D.C.: National Conference of State Legislatures. Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-laws-and-legislation-related-to-biologic-medications-and-substitution-of-biosimilars.aspx
- Preserve access to affordable generics and biosimilars act, S.64, 116th Congress. Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/64
- Advancing education on biosimilars act of 2019, S.1681, 116th Congress. Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/senate-bill/1681
- Biosimilar development, review, and approval. (2017). U.S. Food & Drug Administration. Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.fda.gov/drugs/biosimilars/biosimilar-development-review-and-approval
- Alonso-Zaldivar R. (2019, January 29). GOP senator pledges insulin probe as Congress holds hearings. AP News. Retrieved on February 2, 2019, from https://apnews.com/56f383814d124b53a59a8dc044bcbfa1
- Drug pricing in america: A prescription for change, part I: Commitee on Finance, United States Senate, 116th Congress (2019). Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.finance.senate.gov/hearings/drug-pricing-in-america-a-prescription-for-change-part-i
- Committee on Finance. (2019). Grassley, wyden seek insulin cost data from CMS. Retrieved on March 3, 2020, from https://www.finance.senate.gov/chairmans-news/grassley-wyden-seek-insulin-cost-data-from-cms
- Pear R. (2019, January 29). On Both Ends of Capitol, Both Parties Warn Big Pharma on Drug Prices. The New York Times. Retrieved on February 2, 2019, from https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/29/us/politics/drug-prices-congress.html
- Insulin Access for All Act, H.R.366, 116th Congress (2019). Retrieved on February 2, 2019, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/366
- Affordable Insulin Act, H.R.1478, 116th Congress (2019), Retrieved on February 28, 2020, from https://www.congress.gov/bill/116th-congress/house-bill/1478/
- Zdanowicz, C. (2019, May 23). Colorado is the first state to cap skyrocketing insulin co-pays. CNN. Retrieved on February 28, 2020, from https://www.cnn.com/2019/05/23/health/colorado-insulin-price-cap-trnd/index.html
- Reduced insulin prices, HB19-1216, 2019 Regular Session Colorado General Assembly. (2019). Retrieved on February 28, 2020, from https://leg.colorado.gov/bills/hb19-1216
- Munks, J. (2020, January 24). Saying ‘diabetes doesn’t discriminate,’ gov. J.B. pritzker signs measure limiting out-of-pocket cost of insulin to $100 for 30 day supply. Chicago Tribune Retrieved on February 27, 2020, from https://www.chicagotribune.com/politics/ct-insulin-cap-bill-signing-20200124-i4ryr72utra37j4mipmbqr2aiu-story.html
- Pricing-prescription insulin, SB0667, 101st Session Illinois General Assembly. (2010). Retrieved on February 28, 2020, from http://www.ilga.gov/legislation/BillStatus.asp?GA=101&DocTypeID=SB&DocNum=667&GAID=15&SessionID=108&LegID=116604#actions
- Seipel, B. (2020, March 6). Virginia lawmakers pass lowest insulin price cap in nation at $50 a month. The Hill. Retrieved on March 7, 2020, from https://thehill.com/policy/healthcare/486419-virginia-lawmakers-pass-lowest-insulin-price-cap-in-nation-at-50-a-month?fbclid=IwAR0XGI3fkNNGSPxZmS4FZvX2SKYaLoSSYoe9Gl8d6Hc_rRTtRnyc-wCs6iE
- Health insurance; cost-sharing payments for prescription insulin drugs, HB66, 2020 Virginia General Assembly. (2020). Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://lis.virginia.gov/cgi-bin/legp604.exe?201+sum+HB66
- Dodge, J. (2017). The government can legally commandeer drug patents. The People’s Policy Project. Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.peoplespolicyproject.org/2017/10/02/the-government-can-legally-commandeer-drug-patents/
- 28 U.S. code § 1498. patent and copyright cases (1948). Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.govinfo.gov/app/details/USCODE-2011-title28/USCODE-2011-title28-front/context
- Brennan, H., Kapczynski, A., Monahan, C. H., & Rizvi, Z. (2017). A prescription for excessive drug pricing: Leveraging government patent use for health. Yale Journal of Law & Technology, 18(1). Retrieved on February 28, 2020, from https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/yjolt/vol18/iss1/7/
- Lee, T. T., Gluck, A. R., & Curfman, G. D. (2016). The politics of medicare and drug-price negotiation (updated). Health Affairs. Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.healthaffairs.org/do/10.1377/hblog20160919.056632/full/
- Kapczynski, A., & Kesselheim, A. S. (2016). ‘Government patent use’: A legal approach to reducing drug spending. Health Affairs, 35(5), 791-797. doi:https://doi.org/10.1377/hlthaff.2015.1120
- Bradsher, K., & Andrews, E. L. (2001, October 24). A nation challenged: Cipro; U.S. says bayer will cut cost of its anthrax drug. New York Times, Section B, pp.7. Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2001/10/24/business/a-nation-challenged-cipro-us-says-bayer-will-cut-cost-of-its-anthrax-drug.html
- Tribble, S. J. (2017, May 4). Louisiana proposes tapping A federal law to slash hepatitis C drug prices. Kaiser Health News Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://khn.org/news/louisiana-proposes-tapping-a-federal-law-to-slash-hepatitis-c-drug-prices/
- Gee, R. E. (2017). Hepatitis C in louisiana is increasing and an important health equity issue. Baton Rouge, LA: Louisiana Department of Health. Retrieved on March 8, 2020, from https://khn.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/2/2017/04/gee-letter-4_12_17.pdf
Submitted by:
Jennifer S. Lee, OMS III – Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine – Middletown
Oksana Levchenko, OMS II – Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine – Middletown
Naomi Isaac, OMS II – Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine – Middletown
Victoria Siracusa, OMS I – Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine – Middletown
Sapan Patel, OMS I – Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine – Middletown
John Zakhary, OMS I – Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine – Middletown
Odolphe Augustin, OMS I – Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine – Middletown
AliAsghar Diwan, OMS I – Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine – Middletown
Marrian Sedrak, OMS IV – Touro College of Osteopathic Medicine – MiddletownAction Taken: [ ]
Date: [ ]
Effective Time Period: [ ]
-
-
AuthorPosts
- The forum ‘Spring 2020 Resolution Forum’ is closed to new topics and replies.